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|ethnic_groups_year = 2003 |demonym = Zimbabwean |capital = Harare |latd=17 |latm=50 |latNS=S |longd=31 |longm=3 |longEW=E |largest_city = Harare |government_type = Dominant-party presidential republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Robert Mugabe |leader_title2 = First Vice President |leader_name2 = Emmerson Mnangagwa |leader_title3 = Second Vice President |leader_name3 = Phelekezela Mphoko |legislature = Parliament |upper_house = Senate |lower_house = House of Assembly |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = Declared |established_date1 = 11 November 1965 |established_event2 = Recognised |established_date2 = 18 April 1980 |established_event3 = Current constitution |established_date3 = 15 May 2013 |area_rank = 60th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 390,757 |area_sq_mi = 150,871 |percent_water = 1 |population_estimate = 12,973,808〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf )〕 |population_estimate_rank = 73rd |population_estimate_year = 2012 |population_census = 13,061,239 |population_census_year = 2012 |population_density_km2 = 26 |population_density_sq_mi = 57 |population_density_rank = 170th |GDP_PPP = $28.149 billion〔 |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,099〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $13.966 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zimbabwe )〕 |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,041〔 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 1995 |Gini_change = |Gini = 50.1 |Gini_ref =〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=3 )〕 |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = increase |HDI = 0.492 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 156th |FSI = |FSI_year = 2007 |FSI_rank = 4th |FSI_category = Alert |currency = United States dollar (official for government) and many unofficial currenciesa, e.g. Indian rupee, Renminbi, South African rand, and Zimbabwe Bond coins etc. |country_code = ZW |time_zone = Central Africa Time |utc_offset = +2 |drives_on = left |calling_code = +263 |cctld = .zw |footnote_a = The Zimbabwean dollar is no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to hyperinflation. The United States dollar (US$), South African rand (R), Botswana pula (P), pound sterling (£), euro (€), Indian rupees (), Australian dollars (A$), Renminbi (元/¥), and Japanese yen (¥) are now used instead. The United States dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions. }} Zimbabwe (), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It borders South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east. The capital and largest city is Harare. Since the 11th century, present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923. In 1965, the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and ''de jure'' sovereignty in April 1980. An ethnically diverse country of roughly 13 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages,〔 with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used. President Robert Mugabe serves as head of state and government, and as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Renowned as a champion for the anticolonial cause, Mugabe also has a reputation as an authoritarian figure〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Country Profiles )〕 responsible for Zimbabwe's problematic human rights record〔 〕 and substantial economic decline.〔 〕 He has held power since 1980: as head of government until 1987, and head of both state and government since then.〔 == Etymology == The name "Zimbabwe" is based on a Shona term for Great Zimbabwe, an ancient ruined city in the country's south-east whose remains are now a protected site. There are two theories on the origin of the word. Many sources hold that the word is derived from ''dzimba-dza-mabwe'', translated from the Karanga dialect of Shona as "large houses of stone" (''dzimba'' = plural of ''imba'', "house"; ''mabwe'' = plural of ''bwe'', "stone").〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zimbabwe – big house of stone )〕 The Karanga-speaking Shona people are found around Great Zimbabwe in the modern-day province of Masvingo. Archaeologist Peter Garlake claims that "Zimbabwe" is a contracted form of ''dzimba-hwe'' which means "venerated houses" in the Zezuru dialect of Shona, and is usually applied to chiefs' houses or graves. Zimbabwe was formerly known as Southern Rhodesia (1898), Rhodesia (1965), and Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979). The first recorded use of "Zimbabwe" as a term of national reference was in 1960, when it was coined by the black nationalist Michael Mawema,〔 whose Zimbabwe National Party became the first to officially use the name in 1961.〔 The term Rhodesia—derived from the surname of Cecil Rhodes, the primary instigator of British colonisation of the territory during the late 19th century—was perceived as inappropriate because of its colonial origin and connotations. According to Mawema, black nationalists held a meeting in 1960 to choose an alternative name for the country, and the names Machobana and Monomotapa were proposed before his suggestion, Zimbabwe, prevailed. A further alternative, put forward by nationalists in Matabeleland, had been "Matopos", referring to the Matopos Hills to the south of Bulawayo. It was initially not clear how the chosen term was to be used—a letter written by Mawema in 1961 refers to "Zimbabweland"〔—but "Zimbabwe" was sufficiently established by 1962 to become the generally preferred term of the black nationalist movement.〔 In a 2001 interview, black nationalist Edson Zvobgo recalled that the name was mentioned by Mawema during a political rally, "and it caught hold, and that was that".〔 The name was subsequently used by the black nationalist factions during the Second ''Chimurenga'' campaigns against the Rhodesian government during the Rhodesian Bush War. The most major of these were the Zimbabwe African National Union (led by Robert Mugabe from 1975), and the Zimbabwe African People's Union, led by Joshua Nkomo from its founding in the early 1960s. == History == (詳細はウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zimbabwe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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